@article{Vakili23, author={Mohammad Vakili and Huijong Han and Christina Schmidt and Agnieszka Wrona and Marco Kloos and I{\~n}aki {de Diego} and Katerina D{\"o}rner and Tian Geng and Chan Kim and Faisal H. M. Koua and Diogo V. M. Melo and Mathieu Rappas and Adam Round and Ekaterina Round and Marcin Sikorski and Joana Valerio and Tiankun Zhou and Kristina Lorenzen and Joachim Schulz}, title={Mix-and-extrude: high-viscosity sample injection towards time-resolved protein crystallography}, journal={J. Appl. Cryst.}, volume={56}, pages={1038--1045}, year={2023}, keywords={HVE; LCP; European XFEL;}, url={https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576723004405}, doi={10.1107/S1600576723004405}, abstract={Time-resolved crystallography enables the visualization of protein molecular motion during a reaction. Although light is often used to initiate reactions in time-resolved crystallography, only a small number of proteins can be activated by light. However, many biological reactions can be triggered by the interaction between proteins and ligands. The sample delivery method presented here uses a mix-and-extrude approach based on 3D-printed microchannels in conjunction with a micronozzle. The diffusive mixing enables the study of the dynamics of samples in viscous media. The device design allows mixing of the ligands and protein crystals in 2 to 20 s. The device characterization using a model system (fluorescence quenching of iq-mEmerald proteins by copper ions) demonstrated that ligand and protein crystals, each within lipidic cubic phase, can be mixed efficiently. The potential of this approach for time-resolved membrane protein crystallography to support the development of new drugs is discussed.}
}
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doi:10.1107/S1600576723004405